Analogie und Wortbildung. Eine Wortbildungstheoretische Anwendung des Analogiebegriffs Wilhelm von Humboldts

Die vorliegende Arbeit versteht sich als ein Versuch, den Analogiebegriff Wilhelm von Humboldts mit Konzepten der modernen Wissenschaften zu interpretieren und auf eine Wortbildungsbeschreibung anzuwenden. Die Verwendungen des Analogiebegriffs in den gegenwärtigen Wortbildungsbeschreibungen stehen grundsätzlich in der Tradition Hermann Pauls. Die erweiterte, jedoch sprachinterne Analogieauffassung von Paul scheint die Grundlage zu sein, die die zwei gegensätzlichen Wortbildungsmodelle, nämlich das syntaktische und das lexikalistische bzw. das kompositionell-reguläre und das analog-holistische (Fleischer/Barz 1995: 58) gleichermaßen legitimiert. Die Wortbildungsbeschreibung ist heutzutage zu einem Methodenpluralismus (Toman 1983: 2) gekommen, der nicht nur den gesamten Bereich der Wortbildungen abzudecken scheint, sondern auch die besondere Stellung der Wortbildung im Gesamtsystem der Sprache bestätigt. Bei näherer Betrachtung lässt sich jedoch feststellen, dass es noch unklar ist, ob und in welchem Zusammenhang die verschiedenen Beschreibungsmethoden zueinander stehen. Diese Unklarheit ist meiner Ansicht nach darauf zurückzuführen, dass eine sprachinterne Analogieauffassung der lebendigen, geistigen Sprachtätigkeit des wortbildenden Individuums nicht gerecht werden kann. Es scheint, dass das Licht eines vorhandenen Sprachsystems zwar die sprachinternen Erscheinungen einigermaßen beleuchten kann, es erzeugt aber in seinem eigenen Standpunkt einen Schattenbereich. Dies drückt sich auch dadurch aus, dass der kreative, sprachverändernde Aspekt der Wortbildung grundsätzlich unbeschrieben bleibt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es notwendig, den statischen sprachinternen Standpunkt zu verlassen und den traditionsreichen Begriff der Analogie in einer sprachexternen Hinsicht zu betrachten. Sprachextern zeichnet sich der Analogiebegriff durch seine geistigen bzw. erkenntnisfunktionalen Implikationen aus, die man v.a. in dem Analogieverständnis Wilhelm von Humboldts finden kann. Aufgrund der allgemein bekannten „Dunkelheit“ Humboldtscher Begriffe kann eine Humboldt-Rezeption durchaus von Mutmaßungen geprägt sein. Jedoch bin ich von der Erklärungskraft des Analogiebegriffs Humboldts überzeugt und gehe das Risiko eines gewagten Versuchs bewusst ein. Mit der vorliegenden Lesart des Analogiebegriffs Humboldts wird intendiert, eine einheitliche Beschreibungsgrundlage für Wortbildungen herauszuarbeiten, die zum einen den inneren Zusammenhang zwischen den scheinbar gegensätzlichen Beschreibungsmodellen sichtbar macht, zum anderen den kreativen Aspekt der Wortbildungen in gewisser Hinsicht beschreiben kann. Von dieser Zielsetzung ausgehend wird in Kapitel 1 zunächst ein kurzer historischer Überblick über den Analogiebegriff gegeben. Anschließend werden die an Hermann Paul anzuschließenden Verwendungen des Analogieprinzips in der gegenwärtigen Wortbildungsbeschreibung erörtert und damit die Motivation für eine neue Analogiebetrachtung erklärt. In Kapitel 2 wird der Analogiebegriff Humboldts auf der Grundlage einiger Forschungsergebnisse von Christmann und Di Cesare in dem Textzusammenhang Humboldts interpretiert. In Kapitel 3 werden zur Anwendung des Humboldtschen Analogiebegriffs auf die Wortbildungsbeschreibung einige theoretische Überlegungen gemacht, wobei ich das Konzept der Abduktion als eine sinnvolle Lösung des methodischen Problems einer Humboldt-Anwendung betrachte. Aufgrund dieser Überlegungen wird in Kapitel 4 ein Modell der Wortbildungsbeschreibung formuliert, das schließlich auf eine Analyse ausgewählter deutscher Markennamen angewendet wird (Kapitel 5). In Kapitel 6 werden die Hauptgedanken und Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zusammengefasst

Decoupled, Linear, and Energy Stable Finite Element Method for the Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes-Darcy Phase Field Model

In this paper, we consider the numerical approximation for a phase field model of the coupled two-phase free flow and two-phase porous media flow. This model consists of Cahn—Hilliard—Navier—Stokes equations in the free flow region and Cahn—Hilliard—Darcy equations in the porous media region that are coupled by seven interface conditions. The coupled system is decoupled based on the interface conditions and the solution values on the interface from the previous time step. A fully discretized scheme with finite elements for the spatial discretization is developed to solve the decoupled system. In order to deal with the difficulties arising from the interface conditions, the decoupled scheme needs to be constructed appropriately for the interface terms, and a modified discrete energy is introduced with an interface component. Furthermore, the scheme is linearized and energy stable. Hence, at each time step one need only solve a linear elliptic system for each of the two decoupled equations. Stability of the model and the proposed method is rigorously proved. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the features of the proposed numerical method and verify the theoretical conclusions. © 2018 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

Impact of agricultural activities on pesticide residues in soil of edible bamboo shoot plantations

Edible bamboo shoot is one of the most important vegetables in Asian countries. Intensive agricultural management measures can cause many negative influences, such as soil acidification and excessive pesticide residues. In the present study, more than 300 soil samples were collected from edible bamboo shoot plantations in six areas throughout Zhejiang province, China, to investigate the soil pesticide pollution and its change after different agricultural activities. Thirteen organic chemicals were detected; nine less than that detected during a similar study executed in 2003–2004. All the detected residues were far below the Chinese national environmental standards for agricultural soils. The pesticide residues in bamboo plantations showed a decline over the past decade. Organic materials used for mulching and plantation’s background of being formerly a paddy field are two important factors increasing the pesticide residues. Conversely, lime application to acidified soil and mulching with uncontaminated new mountain soil could decrease the residues significantly. Our results indicated that the current agricultural activities are efficient in reducing pesticide residues in the soil of bamboo shoot plantations and should be further promoted

A Galerkin Finite Element Method for Numerical Solutions of the Modified Regularized Long Wave Equation

A Galerkin method for a modified regularized long wave equation is studied using finite elements in space, the Crank-Nicolson scheme, and the Runge-Kutta scheme in time. In addition, an extrapolation technique is used to transform a nonlinear system into a linear system in order to improve the time accuracy of this method. A Fourier stability analysis for the method is shown to be marginally stable. Three invariants of motion are investigated. Numerical experiments are presented to check the theoretical study of this method

Parameter is Not All You Need: Starting from Non-Parametric Networks for 3D Point Cloud Analysis

We present a Non-parametric Network for 3D point cloud analysis, Point-NN, which consists of purely non-learnable components: farthest point sampling (FPS), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), and pooling operations, with trigonometric functions. Surprisingly, it performs well on various 3D tasks, requiring no parameters or training, and even surpasses existing fully trained models. Starting from this basic non-parametric model, we propose two extensions. First, Point-NN can serve as a base architectural framework to construct Parametric Networks by simply inserting linear layers on top. Given the superior non-parametric foundation, the derived Point-PN exhibits a high performance-efficiency trade-off with only a few learnable parameters. Second, Point-NN can be regarded as a plug-and-play module for the already trained 3D models during inference. Point-NN captures the complementary geometric knowledge and enhances existing methods for different 3D benchmarks without re-training. We hope our work may cast a light on the community for understanding 3D point clouds with non-parametric methods. Code is available at https://github.com/ZrrSkywalker/Point-NN.Comment: Accepted by CVPR 2023. Code is available at https://github.com/ZrrSkywalker/Point-N

Heat increases the editing efficiency of human papillomavirus E2 gene by inducing upregulation of APOBEC3A and 3G

Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) 3 proteins have been identified as potent viral DNA mutators and have broad antiviral activity. In this study, we demonstrated that apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3A (A3A) and A3G expression levels were significantly upregulated in human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected cell lines and tissues. Heat treatment resulted in elevated expression of A3A and A3G in a temperature-dependent manner in HPV-infected cells. Correspondingly, HPV-infected cells heat-treated at 44 °C showed accumulated G-to-A or C-to-T mutation in HPV E2 gene. Knockdown of A3A or A3G could promote cell viability, along with the lower frequency of A/T in HPV E2 gene. In addition, regressing genital viral warts also harbored high G-to-A or C-to-T mutation in HPV E2 gene. Taken together, we demonstrate that apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 expression and editing function was heat sensitive to a certain degree, partly explaining the mechanism of action of local hyperthermia to treat viral warts

BAKing up to Survive a Battle: Functional Dynamics of BAK1 in Plant Programmed Cell Death

In plants, programmed cell death (PCD) has diverse, essential roles in vegetative and reproductive development, and in the responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite the rapid progress in understanding the occurrence and functions of the diverse forms of PCD in plants, the signaling components and molecular mechanisms underlying the core PCD machinery remain a mystery. The roles of BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1), an essential co-receptor of multiple receptor complexes, in the regulation of immunity and development- and defense-related PCD have been well characterized. However, the ways in which BAK1 functions in mediating PCD need to be further explored. In this review, different forms of PCD in both plants and mammals are discussed. Moreover, we mainly summarize recent advances in elucidating the functions and possible mechanisms of BAK1 in controlling diverse forms of PCD. We also highlight the involvement of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of multiple signaling component proteins in BAK1-mediated PCD

Atypical Frontotemporal Connectivity of Cognitive Empathy in Male Adolescents With Conduct Disorder

Background: It has been suggested that adolescents with conduct disorder (CD) may have a deficit in the affective and cognitive domains empathy, but studies exploring networks within the key brain regions of affective and cognitive empathy in adolescents with CD are lacking.Methods: Functional connectivity (FC) analyses among key brain regions of the affective and cognitive empathy with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were conducted in 30 adolescent boys with CD and 33 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs).Results: Atypical FC within the key brain regions of affective empathy was not observed in CD adolescents. However, we found that CD adolescents showed decreased frontotemporal connectivity within the key brain regions of cognitive empathy in relation to HCs, that is, the FCs between right temporoparietal junction and ventromedial prefrontal cortex as well as dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.Conclusion: These findings may provide insight into neural mechanism underlying a cognitive empathy deficiency of CD adolescents from the perspective of FC

Neural Activity Is Dynamically Modulated by Memory Load During the Maintenance of Spatial Objects

Visuospatial working memory (WM) is a fundamental but severely limited ability to temporarily remember selected stimuli. Several studies have investigated the underlying neural mechanisms of maintaining various visuospatial stimuli simultaneously (i.e., WM load, the number of representations that need to be maintained in WM). However, two confounding factors, namely verbal representation and encoding load (the number of items that need to be encoded into WM), have not been well controlled in previous studies. In this study, we developed a novel delayed-match-to-sample task (DMST) controlling for these two confounding factors and recorded scalp EEG signals during the task. We found that behavioral performance deteriorated severely as memory load increased. Neural activity was modulated by WM load in a dynamic manner. Specifically, higher memory load induced stronger amplitude in occipital and central channel-clusters during the early delay period, while the inverse trend was observed in central and frontal channel-clusters during late delay. In addition, the same inverse memory load effect, that was lower memory load induced stronger amplitude, was observed in occipital channel-cluster alpha power during late delay. Finally, significant correlations between neural activity and individual reaction time showed a role of late-delay central and frontal channel-cluster amplitude in predicting behavioral performance. Because the occipital cortex is important for visual information maintenance, the decrease in alpha oscillation was consistent with the cognitive role that is “gating by inhibition.” Together, our results from a well-controlled DMST suggest that WM load not exerted constant but dynamic effect on neural activity during maintenance of visuospatial objects

Combination of single-nucleus and bulk RNA-seq reveals the molecular mechanism of thalamus haemorrhage-induced central poststroke pain

Central poststroke pain (CPSP) induced by thalamic haemorrhage (TH) can be continuous or intermittent and is accompanied by paresthesia, which seriously affects patient quality of life. Advanced insights into CPSP mechanisms and therapeutic strategies require a deeper understanding of the molecular processes of the thalamus. Here, using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), we sequenced the transcriptomes of 32332 brain cells, which revealed a total of four major cell types within the four thalamic samples from mice. Compared with the control group, the experimental group possessed the higher sensitivity to mechanical, thermal, and cold stimuli, and increased microglia numbers and decreased neuron numbers. We analysed a collection of differentially expressed genes and neuronal marker genes obtained from bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) data and found that Apoe, Abca1, and Hexb were key genes verified by immunofluorescence (IF). Immune infiltration analysis found that these key genes were closely related to macrophages, T cells, related chemokines, immune stimulators and receptors. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis also showed that the key genes were enriched in biological processes such as protein export from nucleus and protein sumoylation. In summary, using large-scale snRNA-seq, we have defined the transcriptional and cellular diversity in the brain after TH. Our identification of discrete cell types and differentially expressed genes within the thalamus can facilitate the development of new CPSP therapeutics